ABSTRACT The Water Quality Indices (WQI) are tools that help to communicate the status of quality to a non-specialized audience, they are based on the existing regulations of the region. The objective of this project was to determine the WQI in five Participatory Observatories (PO) located in the north of Mexico, in addition to generating maps and charts that present information in a concrete and clear way on water quality and risk areas. Using data from the Comisión Nacional del Agua, the water quality was evaluated with the León and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment indices, as well as the microbiological quality based on fecal coliform reports. PO sites are classified, in terms of microbiological quality, from “excellent” to “heavily contaminated”. Under the permissible limits by the official Mexican standards for water for human consumption and agricultural irrigation, a relative scale was applied with a score of 0 to 100, for the indices determined in the POs. The results indicate, through the maps developed in the study, the presence of three microbiologically contaminated sites. Regarding the quality required for human consumption, the Canadian index classifies the quality of the water as “poor” in all the sites studied, while the León index classifies it on the scale of “contaminated” to “slightly contaminated”. Both indices indicate the imperative need for treatment before being used for human consumption.

RESUMEN Los índices de calidad del agua (ICA) son herramientas para comunicar la calidad del agua a una audiencia no especializada, basándose en los datos del monitoreo de los cuerpos de agua. El objetivo de este proyecto fue determinar el ICA en cinco observatorios participativos (OP) ubicados en el norte de México, además de generar mapas y cuadros que presenten la información de forma concreta y clara sobre la calidad del agua y zonas de riesgo. Utilizando los datos de la Comisión Nacional del Agua se determinó la calidad de agua con los índices de León y del Consejo Canadiense de Ministros de Medio Ambiente, así como la calidad microbiológica con base en los reportes de coliformes fecales. Se clasificaron los sitios de los OP, en cuanto a la calidad microbiológica, de “excelente” a “fuertemente contaminada”. De acuerdo con los límites permisibles por las normas oficiales mexicanas para agua de consumo humano y riego agrícola, se aplicó una escala relativa con un puntaje de 0 a 100, para los índices determinados en los OP. Los resultados indican a través de los mapas desarrollados en el estudio, la presencia de tres sitios fuertemente contaminados microbiológicamente. En lo referente a la calidad requerida para consumo humano, el índice canadiense califica la calidad del agua como “pobre” en todos los sitios estudiados, mientras que el índice de León la clasifica en la escala de “contaminada” a “levemente contaminada”. Ambos índices indican la necesidad imperiosa de un tratamiento antes de ser destinada al uso de consumo humano.

ABSTRACT Background: Chagas disease (CD) is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by triatomines. Historical information from the 20th century demonstrates T. cruzi records in the metropolitan region of Salvador (MRS), the third largest urban agglomeration in the Brazilian Northeast and the eighth largest in Brazil, an area with intense migratory activity from CD-endemic regions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate CD indicators (prevalence and mortality) in the MRS. Methods: A mixed ecological and descriptive study was conducted using secondary data. We analyzed data from 2008 to 2015: deaths due to CD, self-reported cases of CD, and blood donors that were non-negative for T. cruzi infection. Results: São Francisco do Conde was one of the municipalities with the highest mortality rates due to CD. The seroprevalence rates varied by year and municipality; those with the highest values were 2008: Vera Cruz, 2009: Mata de São João, 2010: Dias D'Ávila, 2011 and 2015: São Francisco do Conde, 2012: São Sebastião do Passé, and 2013 and 2014: Pojuca. Spatial correlations between the municipalities were not detected. Conclusions: We conclude that CD is present in the MRS. The indicators analyzed in the MRS are below-state-level data. Given the importance of indicator analysis for the surveillance and control of CD at the state and national levels, it is important to strengthen the surveillance program at the municipal level, including the regions classified as low risk for T. cruzi vector transmission.

ABSTRACT Background: Neglected tropical diseases are a growing threat to global health, and endemic Chagas disease has emerged as one of the most important health problems in America. The main strategy to prevent Trypanosoma cruzi transmission is chemical control of vectors. This study presents a descriptive analysis of synanthropic triatomines before and after the implementation of a vector-control program in Bahia, Brazil. Methods: Descriptive analysis and geospatial statistics were performed on triatomine data, (1) the relative abundance and (2) proportional spatial distribution, from Bahia during two periods: (A) 1957 to 1971 and (B) 2006 to 2019. Results: We observed a decrease in the relative abundance of Panstrongylus megistus (A: n=22.032, 61.9%; B: n=1.842, 1.0%) and Triatoma infestans (A: n=1.310, 3.7%; B: n=763, 0.43%), as well as an increase in the relative abundance of T. sordida (A: n=8.314, 23.4%, B: n=146.901, 81.6%) and T. pseudomaculata (A: n=894, 2.5%, B: n=16.717, 9.3%). Conclusions: Our results indicate a clear reduction in the occurrence of P. megistus and T. infestans (last record in 2015) and an increase in the relative abundance and geographical distribution of T. sordida and T. pseudomaculata after 40 years of the vector-control program. The high frequency of other triatomine species in the municipalities of the state of Bahia and their abundance in recent years highlight the need to reinforce permanent entomological surveillance actions to prevent Chagas disease.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, strawberry production depends on the importation of seedlings from different countries, with variable levels of adaptation, different cold requirements, and high costs. The national production of seedlings with good genetic, physiological and phytosanitary quality is a viable alternative for Brazilian strawberry producers. The objective was to evaluate the effect of applications with different concentrations and timing using calcium prohexadione (ProCa) (growth retardant in various cultivated species) on magnitude changes in propagation structures, growth and development of strawberry seedlings cv. Pircinque, productive behavior, and fruit quality. This experiment was carried out in the Agricultural Sciences Center of the Santa Catarina State University (CAV-UDESC) in Lages / SC (Brazil), with a 5 x 2 factorial design, five concentrations of prohexadione calcium (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L-1), and two application schedules (20 and 30 days after planting the rooting stolon). In the seedlings, the following were evaluated: number of leaves, crown diameter, seedling height, and leaf area. The parameters evaluated in the strawberry plants were: number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, total fruit weight, and dry weight of leaves and crowns during the 2019/2020 cycle. Additionally, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and ratio were evaluated. Applying ProCa significantly reduced vegetative growth and increased physiological responses in the ‘Pircinque’ strawberry seedlings, such as leaf area and height for both application periods. On the other hand, the ProCa concentrations did not influence the number of fruits, fruit mass per plant, or fruit quality parameters, with the exception of firmness, which was favored by the 400 mg L-1 concentration. The results were related to the application timing, where, at 20 DAT, the highest values of the morphological variables in the seedlings and plants were observed. On the contrary, applications at 30 DAT decreased the number of commercial fruits per plant.

RESUMEN En Brasil, la producción de fresas está condicionada por la importación de plántulas de diferentes países, con niveles de adaptación variables, diferentes requerimientos de frío y altos costos del material introducido. La producción nacional de plántulas de buena calidad genética, fisiológica y fitosanitaria, se constituye en una alternativa viable para los productores brasileros dedicados a esta actividad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de diferentes concentraciones y épocas de aplicación de prohexadiona de Calcio (Pro-Ca) (retardante del crecimiento en varias especies cultivadas), sobre los cambios de magnitud de las estructuras de propagación, el crecimiento y desarrollo de plántulas, el comportamiento productivo y la calidad del fruto de fresa cv. Pircinque. El experimento se llevó a cabo en el Centro de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Estatal de Santa Catarina (CAV-UDESC) en Lages / SC (Brasil), con un diseño factorial 5 x 2, cinco concentraciones de prohexadiona de calcio (0, 100, 200, 300 y 400 mg L-1) y dos períodos de aplicación (20 y 30 días después de transplante del estolón). En las plántulas se evaluó: número de hojas, diámetro de corona, altura de plántula y área foliar. Los parámetros evaluados en las plantas de fresa fueron: número de frutos por planta, peso medio del fruto, peso total de frutos por planta, peso seco de hojas y coronas, durante el ciclo 2019/2020. Además, se evaluó la firmeza, los sólidos solubles totales (TSS), la acidez titulable (AT) y la relación de madurez. La aplicación de Pro-Ca redujo significativamente el crecimiento vegetativo e indujo un aumento de las respuestas fisiológicas en plántulas de fresa cv. Pircinque, como el área foliar y la altura para ambas épocas de aplicación. Por otro lado, las concentraciones de Pro-Ca no influyeron en el número de frutos y la masa de frutos por planta, ni en los parámetros de calidad del fruto, con excepción de la firmeza, donde fue favorecida por la concentración de 400 mg L-1. Los resultados se relacionaron con el factor época de aplicación, donde a los 20 DDT se presentaron los valores más altos de las variables morfológicas de las plántulas y plantas; por el contrario, aplicaciones a los 30 DDT disminuyen el número de frutos comerciales por planta.

RESUMEN La literatura reciente sugiere una pérdida de la hegemonía del trabajo en la vida y una concepción policéntrica de la existencia. El propósito de este artículo es reflexionar sobre el significado y la relación que establecen los millennials colombianos con el trabajo y las organizaciones. Con ese objetivo, se analizaron 219 entrevistas a milennials y no millennials, perteneciente a once empresas colombianas con presencia en las cinco principales ciudades del país. Para el análisis del contenido, se utilizó Atlas.Ti, versión 8.2. Se concluye que entre los millennials colombianos no existe un tipo de relación con las organizaciones y un significado del trabajo homogéneo. La relación oscila entre lo expresivo y lo pragmático, y está determinada por variables socioculturales más que generacionales. Aportar al conocimiento de las relaciones con las organizaciones en los millennials colombianos es evidenciar las inconsistencias y riesgos de promover acciones organizacionales basadas en la asimilación descontextualizada de los resultados de investigaciones provenientes de otros países.

RÉSUMÉ La littérature récente suggère une perte de l'hégémonie du travail dans la vie et une conception polycentrique de l'existence. Le but de cet article est de réfléchir à la signification et à la relation que la génération Y colombienne établit avec le travail et les organisations. Dans cet objectif, on a analysé 219 entretiens avec des milléniaux et non-milléniaux, appartenant à onze entreprises colombiennes présentes dans les cinq principales villes du pays. Pour l'analyse du contenu, on a utilisé Atlas.ti, version 8.2. On en conclut que parmi les milléniaux colombiens, il n'y a pas de type de relation avec les organisations et une signification homogène du travail. La relation oscille entre l'expressif et le pragmatique, et des variables socioculturelles plutôt que générationnelles la déterminent. Contribuer à la connaissance des relations avec les organisations de la génération Y colombienne, c'est montrer les incohérences et les risques de promouvoir des actions organisationnelles basées sur l'assimilation décontextualisée des résultats de la recherche d'autres pays.

ABSTRACT Recent studies suggest a loss of the hegemony of work in people's lives, as well as a polycentric conception about existence. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the meaning and the relationship that Colombian millennials establish with work and organizations. With this objective, 219 interviews with millennials and non-millennials at eleven Colombian companies in the five major cities of the country were examined. Atlas.Ti, version 8.2 was used for content analysis. Results show that there is not a specific type of relationship with organizations and a homogeneous meaning of work among Colombian millennials. In contrast, such relationship revolves around the expressive and the pragmatic and is determined by sociocultural rather than generational variables. Contributing to the knowledge of the relationships of Colombian millennials with organizations is reflecting on the contradictions and risks of promoting organizational actions based on the decontextualized assimilation of research results from other countries.

RESUMO A literatura recente sugere uma perda da hegemonia do trabalho na vida e uma concepção policêntrica da existência. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre o significado e a relação que os millennials colombianos com o trabalho e as organizações são estabelecidos. Com esse objetivo, foram analisadas 219 entrevistas a millennials e não millennials, pertencentes a 11 empresas colombianas com presença nas cinco principais cidades do país. Para a análise do conteúdo, foi utilizado Atlas.Ti, versão 8.2. Conclui-se que, entre os millennials colombianos, não existe um tipo de relação com as organizações e um significado do trabalho homogêneo. A relação oscila entre o expressivo e o pragmático, e está determinada por variáveis socioculturais mais do que geracionais. Contribuir para o conhecimento das relações com as organizações nos millennials colombianos é evidenciar as inconsistências e os riscos de promover ações organizacionais baseadas na assimilação descontextualizada dos resultados de pesquisas provenientes de outros países.

RESUMEN El desarrollo de los cultivos frutales andinos se proyecta como una contribución importante y saludable para el consumo global de alimentos, pero los estudios ecofisiológicos de estos frutales son escasos. El 96% de aproximadamente 520 especies de Passiflora L. están distribuidas en las Américas, especialmente en los países Colombia y Brasil. Muchas de estas especies se originaron en los bordes de los bosques húmedos en los valles tropicales. Las cuatro especies: maracuyá (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) granadilla (P. ligularis), gulupa (P. edulis f. edulis) y curuba (P. tripartita var. mollissima) son las más cultivadas en Colombia y de las cuales se describen hallazgos ecofisiológicos en esta revisión. Sus exigencias en temperatura (°C) y altitud (msnm) son para maracuyá: 15-28 °C y 0-1.300 msnm; granadilla: 15-23 °C y 1.800-2.600 msnm; gulupa: 15-22/12-14 °C (día/noche) y 1.600-2.300 msnm; curuba: 13-16 °C y 1.800-3.200 msnm, todas tienen altos requerimientos de radiación solar, necesitando mínimo 7 h de brillo solar por día lo que fomenta especialmente la floración y la calidad del fruto. Los días nublados disminuyen el crecimiento, la inducción de botones y apertura floral. La temperatura y la radiación fotosintéticamente activa son los factores climáticos que ejercen el efecto más grande sobre el desarrollo de las plantas. La humedad relativa entre 60 y 80% favorece una polinización y fecundación efectiva. Estos cultivos (Passiflora L.) no soportan periodos alargados de anegamiento, máximo por 4 días en maracuyá. Eventos climáticos como lluvia prolongada, sequías intensas, vientos fuertes y granizo son perjudiciales para estas plantas.

ABSTRACT The development of Andean fruit crops is viewed as an important and healthy contribution to global food consumption but ecophysiological studies on these fruit trees are scarce. 96% of approximately 520 Passiflora L. species are distributed in the Americas, especially in Colombia and Brazil. Many of these species originated on the edges of humid forests in tropical valleys. The four species: yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener), sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.), purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims) and banana passion fruit (Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels & P.M. Jørg) are widely cultivated in Colombia, and their ecophysiological findings are described in this review. The demands, in terms of temperature (°C) and altitude (masl) are, for yellow passion fruits: 15-28 °C and 0-1,300 masl; sweet granadillas: 15-23 °C and 1,800-2,600 masl; purple passion fruits: 15-22/12-14 °C (day/night) and 1,600-2,300 masl; and banana passion fruit: 13-16 °C and 1.800-3.200 masl; all of them have high requirements for solar radiation, a minimum of 7 h of sunshine per day, to encourage flowering and fruit quality. Cloudy days decrease growth, flower bud induction and flower opening. Temperature and photosynthetic active radiation are the climatic factors that have the greatest effect on plant development. Relative humidity between 60 and 80% supports effective pollination and fecundation. Passiflora L. crops do not support long periods of waterlogging, with a maximum of 4 days for yellow passion fruit. Climatic events such as prolonged rain, intense droughts, strong winds and hail are harmful for these plants.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This article aims to alert health professionals for cancer screening in the face of the possibility of new waves of disease. METHODS: A narrative review was conducted through a search in MEDLINE, Lilacs, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and international medical societies publications. RESULTS: Breast cancer: in high-risk patients (confirmed familial cancer syndrome or with high-risk tools scores), clinicians should act according to usual recommendations; in average-risk individuals, consider screening with mammography with a longer time span (maximum of two years). Cervical cancer: women turning 25 years old who have already been immunized and with no previous Pap test can have the test postponed during the pandemic; if there is no previous dose of Human Papillomavirus vaccination, initiation of screening should be recommended following a more rigid approach for COVID prevention; in women over 30 years of age who have never participated in cervical screening, the first screening exam is also essential. Colorectal cancer: if the individual is at elevated risk for familial cancer, the screening with colonoscopy according to usual recommendations should be supported; if at average risk consider screening with Fecal Occult Blood Test. Prostate cancer: there is a trend to postpone routine prostate cancer screening until the pandemic subsides. CONCLUSIONS: The decision to keep cancer screening must be discussed and individualized, considering the possibility of new waves of COVID-19.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación fue comprender el proceso de construcción identitario de los mandos medios de una empresa multilatina colombiana a partir de la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿cuáles son los componentes que intervienen en el proceso de construcción identitario de los mandos medios? Los mandos medios son aquellos individuos que están localizados debajo de los top managers y por encima de la primera línea de supervisión. El marco teórico que se utilizó fue el la Identidad Organizacional (IO). Para ello, se revisaron los antecedentes orientados a discutir investigaciones cuyo fundamento epistemológico considera la IO como un proceso y no como un elemento invariante o estático. El estudio de caso se abordó desde una perspectiva cualitativa. Por su parte, el proceso de construcción identitario se compone de tres categorías: reconocimiento, trascendencia y seguridad. La investigación se realizó bajo la modalidad de estudio de caso y se circunscribe a una organización relativamente nueva que se encuentra en un proceso inconcluso de adoptar una IO específica. Los componentes explican el proceso y permiten dilucidar una nueva manera de abordarlo a nivel de la gestión, a la par que, por su claridad y facilidad comprensiva, pueden ser utilizados para otras investigaciones, así como para consultorias y asesorías. Por último, la integración de conceptos desde las ciencias sociales para la conceptualización y el análisis enriquece el diálogo con el campo administrativo.

RÉSUMÉ: Le but de cette recherche était de comprendre le processus de construction identitaire des cadres moyens d'une entreprise multi latine colombienne à partir de la question de recherche: quelles sont les composantes qui interviennent dans le processus de construction identitaire des cadres moyens? Les cadres moyens sont les individus situés en dessous des cadres supérieurs et au-dessus de la première ligne de supervision. Le cadre théorique utilisé a été l'identité organisationnelle (IO). Pour ce faire, on a passé en revue les antécédents visant à discuter des recherches dont le fondement épistémologique considère l'IO comme un processus et non comme quelque chose d'invariant ou de statique. L'étude de cas a été abordée dans une perspective qualitative. Le processus de construction identitaire se compose de ces trois catégories: la reconnaissance, la signification et la sécurité. On a mené la recherche sous la modalité d'étude de cas, et limitée à une organisation relativement nouvelle qui est dans un processus inachevé et immature d'adoption d'une IO spécifique. Les composantes expliquent le processus et permettent d'élucider une nouvelle façon de l'aborder au niveau de la gestion, en même temps que, en raison de leur clarté et de leur facilité globale, ils peuvent être utilisés pour d'autres enquêtes, ainsi que pour des services de consultance et de conseil. Enfin, l'intégration de concepts issus des sciences sociales pour la conceptualisation et l'analyse enrichit le dialogue avec le domaine administratif.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to understand the identity construction process of the middle managers (MMs) of a Colombian multilatina. From the research question, i.e., what are the components involved in the identity construction process of MMs?, it was established that MMs are those individuals whose level in the organization is below top managers and above first-level supervisors. The theoretical framework used was organizational identity (OI). To this end, literature review focused on the discussion of research works whose epistemological basis considered OI as a process, not as an invariant or static element. The case study used a qualitative approach. Identity construction processes are made up of three categories: recognition, transcendence and security. The research was conducted under the case study method and targeted a relatively new organization that is in an unfinished and immature process of adopting a specific OI. The components explain the process and make it possible to elucidate a new way of approaching it at the management level; at the same time, due to their clarity and understandability, they can be used for other studies, as well as for consultancies. Finally, the integration of concepts from the social sciences for conceptualization and analysis nourishes the dialog with the administrative field.

RESUMO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender o processo de construção identitário dos colaboradores de médio escalão de uma empresa multilatina colombiana a partir da pergunta de pesquisa "Quais os componentes que intervém no processo de construção identitário dos colaboradores de médio escalão?" Esses são os indivíduos que estão abaixo dos top managers e por cima da supervisão de primeiro nível. O referencial teórico utilizado foi a Identidade Organizacional (IO). Para isso, foram revisados os antecedentes dirigidos a discutir pesquisas cujo fundamento epistemológico considera a IO como um processo, e não como algo invariante ou estático. O estudo de caso é abordado de uma perspectiva qualitativa. O processo de construção identitário é composto por estas três categorias: reconhecimento, transcendência e segurança. A pesquisa foi realizada sob a modalidade de estudo de caso e está vinculada a uma organização relativamente nova, que se encontra em um processo inacabado e imaturo de adotar uma IO em específico. Os componentes explicam o processo e permitem evidenciar uma nova maneira de abordá-lo no âmbito da gestão, ao mesmo tempo que, por sua clareza e facilidade compreensiva, podem ser utilizados para outras pesquisas, bem como para consultorias e assessorias. Por último, a integração de conceitos a partir das ciências sociais para a conceituação e a análise enriquece o diálogo com o campo administrativo.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é realizar um exercício de retrospecção autocrítica sobre o que são os Estu dos Organizacionais (EO) no contexto latino-americano. Seu desenvolvimento e incidência na região vem crescendo e se consolidou -embora não em todos os países no mesmo nível e profundidade- como um campo de conhecimento crítico para o estudo das organizações. No entanto, existem alguns assuntos não resolvidos que precisam ser discutidos e apresentar debate. Assim, a expressão de Wittgenstein (1986) é retomada para formular algumas questões fundamentais em relação à sua identidade e pro jeção em busca de uma "fricção" que permita continuar nesse caminho de crescimento. Além do acima exposto, alguns aspectos constitutivos dos EOs são discutidos. As reflexões não apenas aprofundarão esse campo de conhecimento, mas ajudarão os pesquisadores e estudiosos das organizações a construir sua própria posição sobre os EO na região.

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to do a self-critical retrospection exercise about what Organizational Studies (OS) are within the Latin American context. Their development and incidence in the region have increased and consolidated --although not in all countries at the same level and extent --as a critical field of knowledge to study organizations. However, there are some unresolved matters that need to be addressed and discussed; that is why Wittgenstein's (1986) expression is retaken to formulate some fundamental questions regarding the OS identity and projection in the region, in search of a "friction" that gives continuity to that path of growth. In addition, some constitutive aspects of OS are discussed. Reflections will allow organization experts and researchers not only to delve into this field of knowledge, but also to build a stance of their own on OS in the region.

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un ejercicio de retrospección autocrítica sobre los Estudios Organizacionales enmarcados en el contexto latinoamericano. Su desarrollo e incidencia en la región ha crecido y se ha consolidado -aunque no en todos los países al mismo nivel y profundidad- como un campo de conocimiento crítico para el estudio de las organizaciones. No obstante, hay algunos asuntos aún sin resolver sobre los cuales es necesario debatir. Es así como se retoma la expresión de Wittgenstein para formular algunas preguntas fundamentales, en relación con su identidad y proyección, en busca de una ‘fricción’ que permita seguir por ese camino de crecimiento. Aunado a lo anterior, se discuten algunos aspectos constitutivos de los Estudios Organizacionales. Las reflexiones permitirán, no solo ahondar en este campo de conocimiento sino, también, contribuir con los investigadores y estudiosos de las organizaciones en la región a construir una posición propia sobre el asunto.

Abstract The solidification of a thermoplastic during the injection process directly influences the productivity and quality of the final product. This paper presents a study of the solidification performance of parts produced by a thermoplastic injection process, verifying their dimensional, visual, and production behavior according to the variation of geometry, temperature, and design of the injection mold cooling system. SolidWorks Plastics® software was used to perform the simulations. Experiments were performed with a plastic injection mold to confront and validate the simulations. Given the comparison of different cooling geometries, the simulations made it possible to obtain parts with a shorter mold cooling cycle time. Payback analysis has the primary objective of determining which cooling system is the most viable and has the highest return on invested capital. The results demonstrated a solution for engineers and designers to justify maintenance or modifications to existing injection molds through numerical simulation.